Study On Sericulture Layout In Chongqing

This paper analyzes several factors that affect the layout of sericulture, reviews the course and route of sericultural layout adjustment in Chongqing, analyzes the social and economic development situation and trend of Chongqing, and puts forward the principle and general train of thought of our city's sericultural arrangement according to the relevant policies of the state and local governments and the layout of industrial layout, that is, the three principles of adjusting the layout of sericulture in our city according to local conditions, leaders' attention and comparative advantages.

We should focus on the development of sericulture in Chongqing and intensify efforts to build the sericultural belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and the high quality and high yield composite silkworm cocoon raw material base. The sericultural belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir area should give full play to the advantages of national and local preferential policies and increase the development of sericultural ecological value; the sericultural belt in Southeast Chongqing should give full play to natural resources such as land and light, increase the government's guidance to sericulture, and vigorously develop high-quality and high-yield composite silkworm raw material bases.

The general layout of sericulture includes two aspects: sericultural area layout and silkworm production layout. Based on mulberry planting and cutting forms, the proportion of silkworm batch and batches per year is determined. These contents belong to the category of sericultural production layout research, and the research on sericulture production development area based on natural, social, economic and other factors is the content of sericultural regional layout research. This article mainly expounds the latter.

During the "12th Five-Year plan" period, how to promote sericulture to play a greater role in the ten thousand yuan income increase project of the two wings farmers, how to achieve the coordinated development of urban and rural economy, and further adjust the layout of sericulture is of great significance.

In order to achieve the goal of scientifically adjusting the layout of sericulture, this paper will seriously analyze and study the constraints on sericultural layout and the trend of sericultural layout in our city, and put forward the adjustment direction of sericulture layout in our city.

1. Natural environment

It mainly includes soil, light, temperature and humidity, altitude and so on.

Generally speaking, sericulture is suitable for a wide area of production, and it is suitable for mulberry growth under 1000 meters above sea level. In the vast majority of our city and even the whole country, the natural environment is suitable for sericulture.

However, the main factors that affect the yield and quality of mulberry leaves and silkworm cocoons are different. The most important factors are light and temperature and humidity. The annual sunshine hours in Chongqing are 1100 to 1600 hours, which are the low value centers in the whole country and the average relative humidity is 65 to 80%. Among them, the main cities and the western regions are generally insufficient in illumination, the temperature and humidity are relatively large, the annual sunshine hours are mostly in the age of 800 to 900 hours, and the sunshine hours in the mountainous areas in the southeastern part of Chongqing and the northeast of Chongqing are significantly higher than those in the main city and the western region, and the air humidity is also small. Generally speaking, the Western Chongqing area has the climate characteristics of the Sichuan basin, while the two wings (Southeast Chongqing and Northeast Chongqing) have the climate characteristics of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the climate of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and the stereoscopic climate of the mountainous area is obvious.

In this regard, the latter is more suitable for producing high quality cocoons, and the level of production per unit is also more potential.

Mainly including the labor force,

Silkworm cocoons have always been the most marketable agricultural products. Cocoons and flue-cured tobacco have always belonged to the agricultural products purchased and sold by the state. In recent years, although the purchasing policy of fresh cocoons has been adjusted, they still belong to the unified purchase under the market access conditions. Therefore, farmers will not worry about selling cocoons.

However, because the market of cocoon silk market is abroad, the market fluctuates greatly, while the buyout enterprises ignore the quality raising price acquisition when the market is good. When the market is depressed, the pressure level will shift the risk. This will further amplify the fluctuation by monopolizing the acquisition of enterprises, thus causing the fluctuation of sericulture production.

In recent years, the comparative efficiency of sericultural production has been in a declining channel. In 2003, the net output value of silkworm cocoons was 1085 yuan, which was higher than that of flue-cured tobacco, rice, corn, rape, pig, wheat and other agricultural products (577 yuan, 407 yuan, 331 yuan, 197 yuan, 167 yuan, 137 yuan) respectively. Before that, the purchasing price of cocoons and live pigs had been stable for about 1:2.5 for a long time, and by 2008, this proportion dropped to about 1:1.5, and the serious area reached 1:1. According to the parity ratio of 1:2.5, the cocoon price of our city should begin to increase year by year and keep at 20 yuan per kilogram.

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Planting mulberry and raising silkworm -- cocoon silk reeling

Before the Chongqing municipality was directly under the jurisdiction of the municipality in 1997, the 10 counties and cities in the 9 districts, 12 counties and 9 districts in Wanzhou and Fuling were the 3 cities in Sichuan province. The output of cocoon cocoons was basically the pattern of 50:25:25. Chongqing, Jiangjin, Fengjie in Fengjie, Fuling in the Fuling area and so on, had been the export base of high-quality cocoons in the province of Chongqing. The cocoon output in the provinces such as Wulong and silkworm has always been among the best in the province.

The supporting factors of this situation mainly include the following aspects: first, governments at all levels attach importance to the double benefits of export earning and tax increase, which are attractive to all local governments; two, mulberry planting is mainly for mulberry trees, and mulberry trees are not easily contended with grain for food, and are easily accepted by farmers, and have mass basis; three, there is a general surplus of rural labor force, a small number of migrant workers, and a skilled laborer for silkworm breeding; four, a comparative advantage of silkworm breeding is obvious, and the economic benefits of bulk agricultural products such as grain and live pigs are not as good as cocoons; five, as a whole, cocoon production capacity can not meet the needs of the market.

Therefore, the sericulture in this period can be summarized as a concept of sericultural production dominated by administrative intervention and a certain mass basis under the condition of lower productivity level. There is basically no concept of sericulture layout.

Since the peak of cocoon production reached its peak in the middle of 90s, the situation of supply exceeding demand has begun to appear.

Starting from the corner of Tian Bian, the big Sang Sang gradually took the lead, and the close planting small mulberry garden began to play a leading role. Secondly, the silk enterprises continued to fail and reorganized, and the government gradually withdrew from the leading position of sericulture production, and the related preferential policies such as specialty tax and silkworm recharge were abolished in succession. The characteristics of this period were that the mulberry tree foundation was good, the foundation of silkworm industry was stable, the private enterprises were involved in sericulture production and cocoon purchase, and the cocoon purchasing policy and price system were maintained, which ensured the comparative benefits of sericulture production. Under the double pressure of quality and efficiency, sericulture production begins to shuffle, sericulture industry structure and sericultural layout are facing adjustment, first of all, mulberry tree.

As the market is in a state of oversupply, cocoon quality has been mentioned as an important position. Therefore, we have begun to advocate mulberry planting into the fields. That is to say, we should vigorously develop large rows of mulberry trees and properly develop close planting small mulberry gardens, and the vast mountainous areas in Southeastern Chongqing and Northeast Chongqing are very suitable for this planting mode. At the same time, the light conditions in these areas are good, especially the air humidity is small. The probability of encountering high temperature and hot weather in the silkworm period is much lower than that in Western Chongqing, and the yield of mulberry leaves is high, and the quality of silkworm cocoons is good. Therefore, it has attracted the attention of experts and governments at all levels.

During this period, the planned economy was pformed into a market economy under the condition of relative excess production, and the internal structure of sericultural production experienced major structural adjustment. The importance of sericultural layout began to be valued.

After entering the new millennium, the adjustment of the rural industrial structure accelerated, and all kinds of cash crops gradually formed regional advantages and characteristics; the number of rural labor pfer and employment increased significantly; the planting of mulberry trees instead of big mulberry trees became the main form of mulberry planting; sericulture production developed towards specialization and regulation; the cocoon market was further shrinking and deteriorating, and the comparative efficiency of sericulture production continued to decline.

In the area around the main city and in Western Chongqing, the acceleration of industrialization has made it easier to go to work in cities. The cash crops such as flowers, trees, vegetables and fruit trees have become the main industry in this area. The stable area and scale have become the main tasks of the Western Chongqing area. The Three Gorges Reservoir area has basically completed the migration, the reservoir has begun to store water, the phenomenon of industrial vacant phenomenon is very serious after the relocation of migrants, the pressure of labor employment is great, and the income of rural migrants and the improvement of the ecological environment in the reservoir area are arduous. Under such circumstances, improving sericultural functions in the rural areas after migration depends on emigrants to get rich, increase employment and protect the ecological environment in the reservoir area.

The mulberry interplanting mode of mulberry, vegetable and other mulberry intercropping systems has large scale, good economic benefits and abundant labor force, but because of the high temperature and hot weather in the Yangtze River Valley, and the poor silkworm housing facilities, it seriously affects the quality of silkworm cocoons. Therefore, there is an objective need for upgrading the reservoir area in terms of the structure of sericulture production. Since the proper natural environment and good development potential of Nanshan District in Chongqing city have been recognized, governments at all levels have begun to invest more heavily, especially in Qianjiang and other places for many years to develop mulberry trees. Policies have been introduced to attract investment from coastal areas, sericultural production has gone against the market, and the cocoon silk industry chain has been continuously improved. Farmers, enterprises and governments have tasted sweetness from the great development. Silkworm production in reservoir area has certain foundation and characteristics, mainly manifested in mulberry base, mulberry grass.

Therefore, in order to guide the development of the sericulture in the southeast area of Chongqing, we should emphasize the high starting point, high technology, pay attention to compound operation and efficient ecology, and avoid the old road of low level expansion.

In this period, laying great stress on the layout of sericulture has become the inevitable choice and conscious action of all levels of government in our city.

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By 2005, our city explicitly defined "stabilizing the west, upgrading the reservoir area and developing the Southeast" as a layout adjustment plan for sericulture during the "11th Five-Year" period, and incorporated the plan into the development plan of the national advantageous agricultural industry, and then put forward the concept of "three sericultural belts".

其中的渝西蚕业带以渝西走廊为基础，包括合川、铜梁、永川、江津、璧山、潼南、荣昌、大足、巴南、渝北、綦江、北碚共12个区县，并通过实施“十百千万”工程逐步向向合川、铜梁、永川、江津、巴南、北碚(科技、制种基地)等区县的基地乡镇和千担村集中;三峡库区蚕业带以长江流域两岸河谷地带为基础，主要包括长寿、垫江、涪陵、丰都、忠县、梁平、万州、开县共8个区县，该蚕业带是我市目前行业综合实力最强、蚕茧产量最稳定的地区，且具有稳定的桑——菜间作生态模式，丝绸工业和榨菜加工业产业链条完整，对解决三峡工程移民搬迁后形成的产业空心化、移民就业难等问题具有重要作用，因此在“十一五”期间不失时机地开展了科技生态示范园工程建设、养蚕设施设备改造工程建设等进一步提升库区蚕业实力;渝东南蚕业带以大巴山脉和武陵山脉坡

On the ground, it mainly consists of 10 districts and counties, namely Wansheng, Nanchuan, Wulong, Pengshui, Qianjiang, Shizhu, Yunyang, Fengjie, Wushan and Wuxi. The sericulture belt is the most suitable area for planting mulberry silkworm and silkworm cocoon in the best natural conditions in our city. The districts and counties of the region give full play to their advantages in natural resources, high starting point planning, high technology development, high efficiency output and high standard investment, and have become the fastest growing areas of sericulture in our city.

1, the direction of national Sericulture Area Layout Adjustment

Since the implementation of the "East Mulberry shift" project by the Ministry of Commerce, 11 districts and counties in our city have been included in its development plan, and the number of districts and counties has been ranked the forefront of the western provinces, especially the importance of the state's sericulture in our country.

However, in recent years, there have been difficulties in the pfer of sericulture in eastern China and the unbalanced development of the sericultural industry in Western China. There are many reasons for this. The main reason is that Eastern Science and technology, talent and market environment still have strong advantages, while different regions in the western region have their own short board effects.

With the acceleration of the eastern industrial upgrading and further development of the western development, the "East Mulberry shift to the west" will become the trend and reality. In fact, Guangxi has jumped to the top of the cocoon output in China, and Yunnan and Shaanxi have also surpassed Chongqing.

In recent years, the state has listed Chongqing as a pilot area for the development of urban and rural economic development. The municipal Party committee and municipal government of Chongqing has launched the three year project of increasing the income of the two wing farmers. The major policies and major initiatives have provided important opportunities for the development of sericulture in our city. The cocoon silk industry has a long industrial chain, and the by-product has great potential for development and significant ecological benefits. It has unique advantages in promoting the increase of people's income, expanding employment and earning foreign exchange, and protecting the ecology of the reservoir area, and has become the consensus of governments at all levels.

Therefore, according to local conditions, the development of sericulture in our city has both advantages and disadvantages, which is in line with the national policy and industrial layout plan.

Our city belongs to the pattern of big cities with large rural areas. Agriculture and rural issues have always been the key and difficult points in the economic and social development of our city.

In 2009, the total amount of rural economy in the city was 180 billion yuan, and the per capita income of farmers was only 4621 yuan. In particular, the average area of the two wings of the city's 2/3 (Northeast Chongqing and Southeast Chongqing) per capita GDP was only half that of the whole country, and the per capita net income of farmers was 1250 yuan lower than that of the whole country. Therefore, it is a long way to go to increase farmers' income.

With the development of labor economy in recent years, the income of peasants' labor has been increasing rapidly, and the efficiency of labor economy has obviously improved. More and more rural labor force has been pferred to the two or three industry.

By 2007, 40.6% and 38.1% of the rural labor force in one circle and two wings were engaged in non-agricultural industries, and the working time of non-agricultural industries reached 9.4 months and 9.6 months respectively.

However, the traditional industry plays a very important role in the rural economy of Chongqing's "grain pig type" structure. The household income of one industry is still the main source of Chongqing's farmers' income. It absorbs a large number of rural labor force. In 2007, the net income of one industry circle and two wing farmers' income was 1690 yuan and 1431 yuan respectively, accounting for 38.6% and 42.4% of the per capita net income of that year.

The traditional industry absorbed the rural labor force of one circle and two wings 59.1% and 61.8%. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the breeding industry including sericulture, and raise the income of the farmers' industry is still the focus of our agricultural and rural work in the next period.

However, in 2007, the rural labor force engaged in one industry in one circle and two wings was only 53.8% of that in the non-agricultural sector and 56% in the same industry.

According to working hours, the average monthly income per worker is only 61.4% and 64.3% of that of non-agricultural sector. Therefore, it is an inevitable trend to pfer rural labor force into non-agricultural industries orderly.

At present, 8 million 500 thousand farmers in our city have left their hometown to the cities and towns. According to the target of the Three Party Congress, by 2020, the urbanization rate has increased from 70% to 70%. If the resident population is 30 million in 2020, the population living in the city should at least 20 million, which means that in the next 10 years, there will be nearly 10 million rural population pferred to towns.

According to statistics, in 2006, a total of 991 thousand and 500 rural labor forces were pferred to the northeast of Chongqing, accounting for 69.8% of the total number of pfers. 1 hours of economic circle pferred 415 thousand and 300 people, accounting for 29.25%.

In 2005, the labor force of the rural labor force aged 20 to 40 in the city amounted to 5 million 359 thousand, accounting for 80.6% of the migrant workers, of whom 64.6% accounted for 35 of the total pfer, while only 6% of workers aged 50 or above.

In terms of sex ratio, men account for the most, about 77%, and women account for 23%. Young adults are the main body of rural surplus labor force in Chongqing.

The above data indicate that there are a large number of surplus labor force in the two flanks, and there are still a large number of rural labor left in the Southeast Chongqing area, and sericulture is suitable for the half labor work left behind at home.

In the two wings area, the traditional grain crops such as wheat and maize are still low in efficiency. If sericultural production is more effective, the development of sericultural labor in the two wings area will not be lacking.

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　　劳动力转移就业使农村人均耕地面积大幅度提高，为蚕业向专业化、规模化方向发展创造了条件，这将进一步促进蚕业由传统的劳动密集型向资金和技术密集型转变，蚕业合作社、专业大户在今后的蚕业生产中将占据重要地位，“十一五”期间，在我市的云阳、合川、江津、潼南等地涌现出了一批蚕业专业合作社、家庭农场式的业主大户、“反租倒包”龙头企业等，这些业态将极大地促进农村土地流转，促进蚕业生产方式转变;单一的栽桑养蚕模式将被复合蚕业生产模式取代，一是桑园的生态价值和桑树的综合利用价值将被得到重视，二是蚕蛹、蚕粪等资源价值得到合理开发，“十一五”期间，我市启动了蚕业综合利用示范园建设项目，每年建设10——15个100亩以上，可以带动1000户蚕农的蚕业综合利用示范园，这些措施将极大地促进各地区因地制宜开展蚕业综合

In addition, in order to offset the impact of rising labor costs, the level of labor saving, automation and popularization will be a new step.

In 2007, the per capita net income of farmers in Chongqing's one hour economic circle reached 4379 yuan, 1408 yuan more than that of the two wings, and 47.4% more than that of the two wings.

The income of farmers on both wings is only equivalent to the income level of farmers in one hour economic circle in 2003.

In 2007, the difference between the wage income and the net income of household income reached 713 yuan and 546 yuan respectively, and the income gap was 50.6% and 38.8% respectively, and the total income of two reached 89.4%.

The above data indicate that the cost of labor in sericulture is higher than that in the two flanks, and the commercialization degree of all kinds of agricultural products is higher than that in the two flanks, and the comparative benefits of sericultural production are relatively lower. The government has completely withdrawn from the intervention in this area, and the market has played a leading role. At the same time, the characteristics of farmers' pfer in a circle of villages are more than half of the workers who work in the vicinity, and more than half of the workers are over 50 years old. Therefore, the main countermeasure for the development of sericulture in a circle is to increase the comparative benefits of sericulture production.

In recent years, mulberry cultivation, Mulberry fish (shrimp) pond and other composite sericulture business models developed in Rongchang and Yongchuan according to local conditions, the average output value of Mu mulberry can reach 4000 yuan, which has obvious comparative advantages, and will play a good guiding role in the development of sericulture in the area.

Pod is suitable for the large-scale development of sericulture specialization. The labor force pfer in this area is relatively small, the left behind labor force and half labor force are abundant, the per capita income level of farmers is relatively low, and the direct income is highly dependent on the breeding industry, the cocoon silk processing industry is developed, the industrial chain is long, the cocoon sale is convenient, the farmers' income is guaranteed, and the ecological environment of the area is fragile. The development of sericulture can achieve the goal of ecological friendly and sustainable development better than that of grain crops. The state and local governments have more support for the region's policies and funds, especially after the Three Gorges project, the construction of the reservoir bank in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the ten thousand yuan income increasing project of the two wings, and so on, all of which provide a good policy environment for the sericulture development in the area. The two wings are vast in area and barren hills.

However, due to the different characteristics of natural resources such as light, temperature and humidity in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and Southeast Chongqing, the demands of the government and farmers are different. Therefore, the sericulture development mode of the two areas should be adjusted accordingly.

The layout adjustment of sericulture is a long-term and consistent process. We must respect history, respect science, adjust measures to local conditions and take a long-term view.

Therefore, we must adhere to the three principles of adjusting the layout of sericulture in line with local conditions, leadership and comparative advantage.

Combined with the adjustment process of sericulture layout in our city and the trend of social and economic development in our city,